LogoLogo
HomeExplorerGitHub
  • šŸ—‚ļøIntroduction
    • 🧐5Ws-1H about CESS
    • ✨Technical Highlight
    • šŸ”ØUse Cases
    • šŸ“œWhitepaper
    • šŸ’¬Contact & Social Media
  • ā›ļøCESS Nodes
    • Consensus Nodes
      • Running a Consensus Node
      • Reward Mechanism
    • Storage Nodes
      • Running a Storage Node
      • Running MultiNodes
      • Node Troubleshooting
      • Storage Miner Upgrade Guide
    • CDN Nodes
      • Running a Cacher
      • Running a Retriever
    • TEE Nodes
      • What is TEE Node
      • Running a TEE Node
  • šŸŒCommunity Members
    • Ambassador Program
    • Community Governance
  • šŸ”„CESS User Guide
    • CESS Account
    • Testnet Faucet
    • Territory Operation
  • šŸ’»Developers
    • CESS SDK
      • Golang SDK
        • Preface
        • Install
        • Initialization
        • Properties
        • Data Process
        • Object/File
          • StoreFile
          • StoreObject
          • RetrieveFile
          • RetrieveObject
          • StoreFileToMiners
          • RetrieveFileFromMiners
        • Chain Related
          • Audit
            • QueryChallengeSnapShot
            • QueryCountedClear
            • QueryCountedServiceFailed
            • SubmitIdleProof
            • SubmitServiceProof
            • SubmitVerifyIdleResult
            • SubmitVerifyServiceResult
          • Babe
            • QueryAuthorities
          • Balances
            • QueryInactiveIssuance
            • QueryTotalIssuance
            • TransferToken
          • CessTreasury
            • QueryCurrencyReward
            • QueryEraReward
            • QueryReserveReward
            • QueryRoundReward
          • DeOSS
            • Authorize
            • CancelAuthorize
            • DestroyOss
            • QueryAllOss
            • QueryAuthorityList
            • QueryOss
            • RegisterOss
            • UpdateOss
          • FileBank
            • QueryAllRestoralOrder
            • QueryUserHoldFileList
            • QueryUserFidList
            • QueryDealMap
            • QueryFile
            • QueryRestoralOrder
            • CalculateReport
            • CertIdleSpace
            • ClaimRestoralNoExistOrder
            • ClaimRestoralOrder
            • DeleteFile
            • GenerateRestoralOrder
            • PlaceStorageOrder
            • ReplaceIdleSpace
            • RestoralOrderComplete
            • TransferReport
            • UploadDeclaration
            • TerritoryFileDelivery
          • SchedulerCredit
            • QueryCurrentCounters
          • Session
            • QueryValidators
          • Sminer
            • IncreaseCollateral
            • IncreaseDeclarationSpace
            • MinerExitPrep
            • MinerWithdraw
            • QueryAllMiner
            • QueryAllRestoralTarget
            • QueryCompleteSnapShot
            • QueryCounterForMinerItems
            • QueryExpenders
            • QueryMinerItems
            • QueryPendingReplacements
            • QueryRestoralTarget
            • QueryRewardMap
            • QueryStakingStartBlock
            • ReceiveReward
            • RegisterPoisKey
            • RegnstkAssignStaking
            • RegnstkSminer
            • UpdateBeneficiary
            • UpdateSminerEndPoint
          • Staking
            • QueryAllBonded
            • QueryAllNominators
            • QueryCounterForValidators
            • QueryCurrentEra
            • QueryEraValidatorReward
            • QueryErasRewardPoints
            • QueryErasTotalStake
            • QueryLedger
            • QueryNominatorCount
            • QueryValidatorCommission
            • QueryValidatorsCount
            • QueryeErasStakers
            • QueryeNominators
          • StorageHandler
            • QueryPurchasedSpace
            • QueryTotalIdleSpace
            • QueryTotalServiceSpace
            • QueryUnitPrice
            • QueryTerritory
            • QueryConsignment
            • MintTerritory
            • ExpandingTerritory
            • RenewalTerritory
            • ReactivateTerritory
            • TerritoryConsignment
            • CancelConsignment
            • BuyConsignment
            • CancelPurchaseAction
          • System
            • QueryAccountInfo
            • QueryAccountInfoByAccountID
            • QueryBlockNumber
          • Tee
            • QueryAllWorkers
            • QueryEndpoints
            • QueryMasterPubKey
            • QueryWorkerAddedAt
            • QueryWorkers
          • RPC Calls
            • ChainGetBlock
            • ChainGetBlockHash
            • ChainGetFinalizedHead
            • NetListening
            • SystemChain
            • SystemProperties
            • SystemSyncState
            • SystemVersion
        • Toolset
      • Javascript SDK
      • Rust SDK
        • Preface
        • chain
          • Audit
            • Challenge Snapshot
            • Counted Clear
            • Counted Service Failed
            • Submit Idle Space Proof
            • Submit Service Proof
            • Submit Verify Idle Result
            • Submit Verify Service Result
          • File Bank
            • Bucket
            • Clear User List
            • deal Map
            • File
            • Restoral Order
            • User Bucket List
            • User Hold File List
            • Calculate Report
            • Certify Idle Space
            • Claim Restoral Noexist Order
            • Claim Restoral Order
            • Create Bucket
            • Delete Bucket
            • Delete File
            • Generate Restoral Order
            • Replace Idle Space
            • Restoral Order Complete
            • Territory File Delivery
            • Transfer Report
            • Upload Declaration
          • Oss
            • Authority List
            • Oss
            • Authorize
            • Cancel Authorize
            • Destroy
            • Register
            • Update
          • Storage Handler
            • Consignment
            • Pay Order
            • Purchased Space
            • Territory Expired
            • Territory Frozen Counter
            • Territory Frozen
            • Territory
            • Territory Key
            • Total Power
            • Total Space
            • Unit Price
            • Buy Consignment
            • Cancel Consignment
            • Cancel Purchase Action
            • Create Order
            • Expand Territory
            • Mint Territory
            • Reactivate Territory
            • Renew Territory
            • Territory Consignment
            • Territory Grants
            • Territory Rename
    • Smart Contract
      • Issue ERC20
      • Deploy an ink! Smart Contract
      • Deploy a Solidity Smart Contract
      • Build a Proof of Existence dApp (ink!)
      • Build a NFT Marketplace (ink!)
      • Build a Proof of Existence dApp (Solidity)
    • Advanced Guides
      • Substrate and EVM Address Conversion
      • Commonly Used Libs
      • CESS Code Overview
  • šŸ“±CESS Products
    • DeOSS
      • Introduction
      • Technical Highlights
      • Architecture
      • Data Access Process
      • API Description
        • Prerequisites
        • Identity Signature
        • Upload File/Object
        • Range Upload
        • Download File
        • Preview File
        • Delete File
        • View File Metadata
        • View Version
  • šŸ“šReferences
    • šŸ“šNode Operations
      • Running RPC Node
    • šŸ“šIn-depth Technical Features
      • R²S
      • RRC
      • LBSS
      • VRF
    • Data Lifecycle
      • Data Upload
      • Data Download
      • Data Deletion
      • Data Restore
      • Data Audit
    • Distributed Storage
      • Identification
      • Consistency Guarantee
      • Node Discovery
      • Message Protocol
      • Storage Method
    • DePIN
      • The DePIN Portrait
    • AI
      • CESS: The Future of Decentralized Data Infrastructure for the AI-Driven World
      • Decentralized Solutions for AI: How CESS is Shaping a Trusted Future
      • CESS in CES: Insights from Jensen Huang’s CES 2025 Speech and CESS Network’s Role in the AI Era
      • CESS AI Agent Hub: The Intelligent Portal of the AI Times
  • šŸ“–Glossary
Powered by GitBook
On this page
  • Reward
  • Slashing
  • No Response
  • Ambiguity

Was this helpful?

Edit on GitHub
  1. CESS Nodes
  2. Consensus Nodes

Reward Mechanism

Last updated 5 months ago

Was this helpful?

Referring to CESS overall tokenomics as below:

CESS Tokenomics

The CESS network will issue a total of 10 billion tokens, with 30% allocated as rewards for Storage Miners and 15% for Consensus Miners.

In the first year, approximately 1.018 billion tokens will be issued for miners, distributed evenly throughout the year in each era. The total rewards decrease in a stepwise manner each year, with an annual decay rate of 0.841 (0.50.25), resulting in a halving of rewards every four years.

Reward

For each era (which lasts 6 hours in CESS), miners receive rewards in proportion to the era points they have collected. Era points are obtained through the following:

  • Authoring canonical blocks.

  • Authoring references to previously unreferenced uncle blocks.

  • Authoring referenced uncle blocks.

Uncle blocks are relay chain blocks that are valid in all aspects but fail to become the canonical blocks. This occurs when two or more validators become block producers in the same slot, and one validator's block arrives at the next block producer before the other blocks. We refer to these lagging blocks as uncle blocks.

Rewards are distributed at the end of each era. Regardless of the amount staked by miners, block production rewards are generally distributed evenly among all miners. However, the rewards for specific miners may differ based on era points, as mentioned above. While earning era points has a probabilistic component and may be slightly influenced by factors such as network connectivity, well-performing miners should typically have a similar total sum of era points over a large number of eras.

Miners can also receive "tips" from transaction senders as an incentive for including their transactions in the blocks they produce. Miners receive 100% of these tips directly.

Slashing

No Response

If a validator fails to produce any blocks and does not send a heartbeat signal during an era, it will be reported as "no response". Depending on the number of repeated violations and the no response or offline status of other validators during that era, reduction penalties may be imposed.

Validators should have a robust network infrastructure to ensure node operation and reduce the risk of reduction or cooldown. It is advisable to have high availability setups and backup nodes that are only activated after the original node is verified as offline (to avoid double signing and potential ambiguity that could lead to reduction penalties, see below).

The formula for calculating the penalty due to no response is as follows:

Let x = number of offenders, n = total no. of validators in the active set

min(3āˆ—(xāˆ’(n10+1))n,1)āˆ—0.07\boxed{min (\cfrac{3 * (x - (\frac{n}{10} + 1))}{n}, 1) * 0.07}min(n3āˆ—(xāˆ’(10n​+1))​,1)āˆ—0.07​

Ambiguity

Both GRANDPA and BABE ambiguities use the same formula to calculate the penalties:

  • GRANDPA Ambiguity: Validators signing two or more votes for different blocks in the same round.

  • BABE Ambiguity: Validators producing two or more blocks in the same slot.

Let x = number of offenders, n = total no. of validators in the active set

min((3āˆ—xn)2,1)\boxed{min((\cfrac{3 * x}{n})^2, 1)}min((n3āˆ—x​)2,1)​

Miners can run nodes on multiple computers to ensure that they can continue their validation work even if one of the nodes fails. However, mining operators should exercise caution when setting up these nodes. If they do not coordinate well in managing the signing machines, ambiguities may occur, and the penalty rate for ambiguous violations is higher than that for similar offline violations.

If a validator is reported for any violation, it will be removed (cooled down) from the validator set and will not receive rewards during its absence. It will be immediately considered inactive and will need to re-state its validation intent.

ā›ļø